Polish Cabbage Stuffing For Turkey Food

POLISH STUFFED CABBAGE ROLLS (GOLABKI) IN TOMATO SAUCE

Steps:

• Prepare the cabbage by cutting out the tough middle bit (see photo above). Place the cabbage in a large pot filled with about 5-6 cm of water (cut end down), cover and bring to boil. Lower the heat and simmer gently for about 10 minutes, covered, until the outer leaves start separating. Remove the cabbage from the pot (use 2 forks and a knife to help the leaves separate) and carefully place the loose leaves on a plate one by one. Put the cabbage back in the pot, continue simmering, then remove a few more leaves. Repeat this process until you've got about 20 leaves.
• Whilst the cabbage is simmering rinse the rice thoroughly, combine with 1 and ¼ cup of lightly salted water, cover and bring to the boil. Lower the heat and simmer for about 10 minutes, covered, until all the water has been absorbed. Place in a large bowl and set aside to cool completely.
• In a frying pan heat up the oil, add the onion and cook over a low heat for about 5-6 minutes until softened and golden. Combine with the rice and set aside.
• Preheat the oven to 350 F/ 180 C/ gas mark 4. Line a large casserole dish with cabbage leaves (the small ones or ones that have torn) and set aside.
• Using a sharp knife slice off the thick bit running along the length of the cabbage leaf on the outside (see photo). Be careful not to split the leaf. Do this for each leaf.
• Combine the rice and onion mixture (once cooled) with the meat, about 1 teaspoon of fine sea salt, add plenty of pepper and stir thoroughly.
• Make a good size oval shaped meatball and place in the leaf. To make a cabbage roll fold in the longer sides, then wrap the filling starting with the thick end of the leaf. Press the mixture in with your fingers as you are rolling and roll as tightly as possible. Place the cabbage rolls one by one in the casserole dish so they are nice and snug, very close together.
• Make the sauce by combining the hot stock with the passata and tomato paste and stirring thoroughly. Pour this mixture over the cabbage rolls. Cover with a sheet of non-stick paper cut to fit the shape of your dish (or small leaves if there are any left), then cover with a lid or tin foil and bake in the centre of the oven for 1.5 hours. Remove from the oven and enjoy!

MARTHA STEWART'S HEALTHY TURKEY STUFFED CABBAGE ROLLS

Steps:

• Remove the center core of the cabbage. Boil 2 quarts of the water in a stockpot that is not made of aluminum (aluminum will react with the cabbage, or so says Martha). Add the cabbage and cook for 2-3 minutes until the outer leaves are tender. Remove the outer leaves and continue cooking the rest, removing outer leaves and cooking the interior until all the leaves are cooked and removed. Reserve two cups of the cooking water.
• Cut away the bottom of the center vein on each leaf. Place 4 large outer leaves at the bottom of the stockpot.
• Melt the butter in a pan and add the onion and garlic, cooking until it is golden.
• Mix onion/garlic mixture in a bowl with ground meat, rice, salt, pepper, parsley, green pepper, and celery.
• Place 1/4 to 1/3 cup of the rice mixture on each cabbage leaf. To roll the leaves up, fold in the sides, then begin rolling from the bottom of the leaf, tucking the edge of the leaf under the finished roll. Place the rolled leaves in the stockpot and place the chopped apple on top.
• Mix tomatoes and reserved cabbage water in a bowl. Pour enough into the stockpot to almost cover the cabbage. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat to low and cover and simmer for 1 hour until the cabbage is tender. Add more reserved tomato/water mix while cabbage cooks if the level drops too far.
• Optional garnish: Mix sour cream with ¾ cup of the sauce from the stockpot. Return it to the pot and stir, being careful not to disturb the cabbage rolls. I've also discovered this is quite good with Parmesan cheese sprinkled on it. It fools me into thinking I'm eating pasta.
• Substitution note: Feel free to swap out a jar of spaghetti sauce for the pureed tomatoes. Martha will never know, and you might enjoy having the additional herbs and spices in your dish. I've made it both ways.

SUPER EASY POLISH CABBAGE ROLLS

Steps:

• Preheat oven to 375 degrees F (190 degrees C). Grease a 9x13 baking dish.
• Bring the rice and water to a boil in a saucepan over high heat. Reduce heat to medium-low, cover, and simmer until rice is tender and the liquid has been absorbed, 20 to 25 minutes. Allow rice to cool slightly.
• Meanwhile, bring a large pot of water to a boil. Remove the core from the cabbage, and place cabbage in the boiling water. Remove the outer leaves as they soften. Set leaves aside.
• Heat butter in a skillet over medium heat, and cook and stir the onion until softened and translucent, about 5 minutes. Stir together the cooked onion, ground chicken, cooked rice, eggs, garlic, salt, pepper, and marjoram in a bowl.
• Place about 1/4 cup of the meat mixture in the center of each cabbage leaf. Roll leaf and tuck ends in to enclose filling. Secure each roll with a toothpick if necessary. Place rolls into prepared baking dish. Pour tomato sauce over the rolls.
• Bake, covered, in the preheated oven until the meat in the rolls is no longer pink, 45 to 60 minutes. An instant-read thermometer inserted into the center of casserole should read at least 160 degrees F (70 degrees C).

POLISH STUFFED CABBAGE ROLLS (GOLABKI / GOLUMKIES / GOLUMPKIS)

Steps:

• Cut 12 large leaves off of cabbage head, cover leaves with boiling water, let stand until leaves are limp (2-3 minutes); then drain OR core cabbage head, and boil cabbage until leaves are tender enough to remove easily (10-15 minutes), very carefully remove 12 large leaves (You may have to peel the outer layers first and then return the cabbage to cook and continue peeling the leaves until all are done); then drain.
• Mix beef, pork, rice, egg, milk, seasonings, and vegetables.
• Preheat oven to 350°F.
• Put 1-4 tablespoons (depending on size of leaf) of meat mixture in center of each leaf; tuck in sides and roll to cover meat (I roll any leftover filling into meatballs and cook them with the cabbage rolls).
• Place, seam side down in baking dish.
• Mix tomato sauce with the sugar; pour over rolls.
• Cover and bake for 45-60 minutes.

NANA'S GOLABKI (POLISH STUFFED CABBAGE ROLLS)

Steps:

• Bring a large saucepan of lightly salted water to a boil. Add the head of cabbage and cook for 2-4 minutes or until softened. Drain, then carefully cut and remove the outer leaves. If necessary, add the inner head back into the water and cook for ad additional 2-3 minutes until most of the leaves are removable.
• In a medium mixing bowl, combine the ground beef, mushrooms, onion, cooked rice, egg, 1/2 cup tomato sauce, garlic, 1 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce, and salt and pepper to taste. Mix thoroughly.
• Preheat oven to 350 degrees F.
• Cut a 'V' around the thick vein of ten of the sturdiest cabbage leaves and remove. Reserve 4 of the largest leftover leaves, then chop the remaining cabbage and place it in an even layer on the bottom of a large casserole dish.
• Slightly overlap the cut ends of the prepared cabbage leaves to form a flat surface. Spoon a generous 1/4 cup of the beef mixture on top of the overlapped end, then tuck in the sides and roll up. Place seam side down on top of the bed of shredded cabbage. Repeat with remaining leaves.
• In a separate bowl, combine the remaining tomato sauce, diced tomatoes, lemon juice, and brown sugar. Whisk to combine, taste, then season with salt and pepper as desired. Pour evenly over the cabbage rolls. Layer the large remaining cabbage leaves over the rolls and bake for 1 hours. Remove the top leaves (which will be pretty burned) and continue to bake for another 30 minutes, or until rolls are tender.

GOłąBKI (POLISH STUFFED CABBAGE)

Steps:

• Gather the ingredients.
• Fill a large pot with water, bring to a boil, and salt it .
• With the help of a sharp paring knife, remove the core from the cabbage by cutting around it. Remove and discard it.
• Carefully place the whole head of cabbage in the boiling water.
• Cover the pot and cook the head of cabbage for 3 minutes, or until softened enough to pull off individual leaves. You'll need 18 leaves in total.
• When leaves are cool enough to handle, use a paring knife to cut away the thick center stem from each leaf. Be careful not to cut all the way through.
• After retrieving 18 leaves, chop the remaining cabbage and place it in the bottom of a casserole dish with a lid or a Dutch oven .
• Heat up a large skillet, melt the butter, and add the chopped onion. Cook until tender and remove from the heat to let them cool off.
• Mix the cooled onion with the beef, pork, cooked rice, garlic, salt, and black pepper until well combined. Don't overmix or the meat will become tough.
• Flatten a cabbage leaf on a cutting board or work surface and place about 1/2 cup of the meat filling.
• Flip the right side of the leaf to the middle, then flip the left side.
• Flip the bottom of the leaf to obtain an envelope-shaped figure. The unstuffed part of the leaf will be triangular in shape.
• Tuck the leaf away from you to encase the meat and make a neat little roll.
• Repeat the process with all the leaves.
• Heat the oven to 350 F.
• Place the cabbage rolls, seam down, on top of the chopped cabbage in the casserole dish or Dutch oven. Season each layer with salt and pepper.
• Pour the beef stock over the rolls, cover, and place in the oven.
• Bake for 1 hour or until cabbage is tender and meat is cooked.
• Serve with a drizzle of sour cream , or alternatively, mix the pan juices with the sour cream and ladle it over the cabbage rolls. Enjoy.

HALUPKI RECIPE

Steps:

• Steam the cabbage leaves and remove them from the core of the cabbage as directed above.
• In a large mixing bowl combine the ground beef, uncooked rice, eggs, finely diced onions, finely diced green pepper, grated carrot, parsley, salt and pepper.
• Remove the firm vein of the cabbage leaf.
• Place 1/3 to 1/2 cup of meat mixture in the center of each steamed cabbage leaf.
• Fold the sides of the leaf over the meat mixture and roll the cabbage leaf, leaving the seam down.
• In a medium bowl, combine the tomato sauce, tomato soup and the diced tomatoes.
• Spoon some of the tomato mixture into the bottom of a dutch oven.
• Place the cabbage rolls in the dutch oven, in a single layer and top with 1/2 of the sauerkraut and 1/2 the tomato mixture.
• Add a second layer of stuffed cabbage rolls and a second layer of sauerkraut and tomato mixture.
• 10. Cover and simmer on the stovetop for 3-4 hours.
• Steam the cabbage leaves and remove them from the core of the cabbage as directed above.
• In a large mixing bowl combine the ground beef, uncooked rice, eggs, finely diced onions, finely diced green pepper, grated carrot, parsley, salt and pepper.
• Remove the firm vein of the cabbage leaf.
• Place 1/3 to 1/2 cup of meat mixture in the center of each steamed cabbage leaf.
• Fold the sides of the leaf over the meat mixture and roll the cabbage leaf, leaving the seam down.
• In a medium bowl, combine the tomato sauce, tomato soup and the diced tomatoes.
• Spoon some of the tomato mixture into the bottom of a large crock pot/slow cooker.
• Place the cabbage rolls in the crock pot, in a single layer and top with 1/2 of the sauerkraut and 1/2 the tomato mixture.
• Add a second layer of stuffed cabbage rolls and a second layer of sauerkraut and tomato mixture.
• Cover and cook for 4-6 hours on high or 6-8 on low.
• Heat the oven to 375.
• Steam the cabbage leaves and remove them from the core of the cabbage as directed above.
• In a large mixing bowl combine the ground beef, uncooked rice, eggs, finely diced onions, finely diced green pepper, grated carrot, parsley, salt and pepper.
• Remove the firm vein of the cabbage leaf.
• Place 1/3 to 1/2 cup of meat mixture in the center of each steamed cabbage leaf.
• Fold the sides of the leaf over the meat mixture and roll the cabbage leaf, leaving the seam down.
• In a medium bowl, combine the tomato sauce, tomato soup and the diced tomatoes.
• Spoon some of the tomato mixture into the bottom of a dutch oven.
• Place the cabbage rolls in the dutch oven in a single layer and top with 1/2 of the sauerkraut and 1/2 the tomato mixture.
• Add a second layer of stuffed cabbage rolls and a second layer of sauerkraut and tomato mixture.
• Cover and cook at 375 for 4 hours.

POLISH CABBAGE STUFFING FOR TURKEY

Steps:

• 1. Saute' cabbage, onion, celery and apple in butter until translucent and tender. Combine vegetable mixture with spices and bread in a large roast pan or bowl. Sprinkle with water or broth until well moistened. Stuff and truss your turkey(s) There will be enough for (3) 30-pound turkeys or extra to bake in a greased covered casserole or roast pan at 325° for about 45 minutes (or til done). Take the cover off the last 10 minutes to brown. *** Don't forget to baste the turkey and stuffing... and add some to the pan of dressing too.
• 2. We come from a huge family...(and extended family) and sometimes have to make turkey x 3 !!! If we are making one turkey... we bake the extra dressing in a large pan in the oven.
• 3. Baked or Roasted Turkey *** Follow directions on turkey packaging (or in a recipe book) To determine how long to cook the turkey with or without stuffing.
• 4. 45 pound turkey raw. We were given this farm raised turkey because we had the biggest oven... I sure miss that big old oven!
• 5. 45 pound turkey cooked. The pop can looks pretty small compared to the turkey!

POLISH STUFFED CABBAGE ROLLS

Steps:

• Preheat the oven to 350F degrees;
• In a large pot boil water and place the whole head of cabbage into it;
• Boil the cabbage for about 20 minutes; if the entire cabbage Italian with water, rotate it during boiling;
• In a frying pan sautéed onions with one tablespoon of oil until translucent, about 3-5 minutes;
• In a separate pot, boil rice according to instructions; cold down when cooked;
• In a big bowl add rice and season generously with salt and pepper (or vegetable powder stock), add meat, saute onions and mix together;
• Once cabbage leaves are pretty soft, remove cabbage from boiling water and let it cool down;
• Using a paring knife remove the core from the cabbage;
• Save the outer leaves and place them at the bottom of the Dutch Oven or the oven safe dish/pot;
• Take off one leaf at the time and place 2-4 tablespoons of filling in the middle depending on the size of the leaf;
• Fold side parts of the leaf inwards and then bottom to the top (use the same technique as you would do for wraps);
• Continue with the remaining leaves until all filing is used;
• Stack up the cabbage rolls in an oven-proof dish;
• Add water or stock, cover and cook for 1.5 hrs in 350F degree oven;
• Serve hot with tomato sauce and sprinkle with Italian parsley.

UNSTUFFED STUFFED CABBAGE

Steps:

• Put everything in a Dutch oven and bring to a boil. Lower heat to low and cover. Cook 2-3 hours until the cabbage is soft and tender.
• Check while cooking as you may have to add more water or garlic powder.
• Serve with Polish rye bread and butter.
• Note: For those on sodium-restricted diets, you can make this with salt-free tomato sauce and reduced sodium tomato soup. Comes out great.

GOLUMPKI (GOłąBKI, STUFFED CABBAGE)

Steps:

• Preheat oven to 350 degrees F.
• Put cabbage head in a large stock pot, add water to cover and then add white vinegar to the water.
• Place on stove on high heat and cover, bringing to a boil.
• Gently boil cabbage until leaves of cabbage soften and become pliable.
• Remove from stove and drain water from the pot. Set aside and allow cabbage head to cool.
• Once cabbage is cooled, remove the leafs from the cabbage head. Take a paring knife and cut the lower portion of the "vein" from the leaf. This vein is very tough and needs to be removed. It will make it much easier to roll the meat mixture in the cabbage leaf. Continue to do this until you remove as many leaves from the cabbage as you can.
• In a large mixing bowl combine ground chuck, sausage, crumbled bacon, chopped onion, egg, rice, bread crumbs and finally add the salt and pepper. Make certain to thoroughly combine the ingredients together. The "meat" mixture will be a similar consistency to meatloaf. It should be nice and moist. If it seems dry, add an additional egg.
• Lay a cabbage leaf down on a flat surface thus allowing you to roll it easier. Take some of the meat mixture and form into a large meatball. You may make these as large or as small as you prefer therefore choose the size of your preference. Place the meatball in the center of the cabbage leaf. Wrap the cabbage leaf around the meat mixture (see video above).
• Place the stuffed cabbage in a roaster with the wrapped edges down in the roaster. Repeat this process placing the Golumpki next to each other, until all of the meat mixture is used up.
• Mix tomato soup, tomato paste and also a pinch of sugar.
• Pour tomato soup mixture over the top of the stuffed cabbage and reserve a small amount to be used in the next step.
• If you have cabbage leaves remaining, cover the entire top of the stuffed cabbage in the roaster.
• Pour remaining tomato soup mixture on top of the cabbage that you lined the tops of the stuffed cabbage. This step will help steam the Golumpki that lies below and therefore will keep them nice and moist.
• Put a lid on top of the roaster and bake for approximately 1 1/2 hours.

CLASSIC GOłąBKI: POLISH STUFFED CABBAGE ROLLS WITH TOMATO SAUCE (PORK & RICE)

Steps:

• Wash the cabbage under running water. Even though the inside is usually clean (the outer leaves protect the inside), you might want to clean it anyway. Remove the tough outer leaves and discard them. Separate the inner leaves and wash them under running water.
• Cut out the stalk from the head.
• Grab a large cooking pot, large enough for the whole cabbage head to fit. Pour water in and bring it to boil. Add a solid pinch of salt and sugar and stir.
• Blanch the cabbage head in the boiling water, core side down. After a few minutes (2-3), the leaves should peel off easily. If not - cook it for a few more minutes.
• Remove cabbage to a baking tray, but keep the water in the pot.
• (Optional) To keep a more vibrant colour, you can place the leaves into ice water - that will slow down the cooking process.
• Set ten best leaves (largest, unbroken) aside. Using a paring knife, cut the main 'vein' out from each cabbage leaf and trim from the bottom with a knife.
• Peel an onion and dice it finely. Finely chop the garlic with a knife.
• Heat up a tablespoon or two of oil, add in chopped onion. When it turns golden, add chopped garlic and fry for another 1-2 minutes. Set aside to cool.
• In a large bowl, combine the ground meat, cooked rice, a tablespoon marjoram, and cooled down onion/garlic.
• Season with salt and pepper, mix thoroughly - no special tools are necessary, you can use your hands. This mass will be our stuffing.
• Lay the cabbage leaf flat. Place about ¼-⅓ cup of meat mixture in the centre of a cabbage leaf. Gather the edges of the cabbage inwards and roll it tightly. Continue until you have 10 decent-sized rolls.
• Line the bottom of the large cooking pot with some of the remaining pre-cooked leaves - this prevents the dish from burning.
• Place the cabbage rolls in the pot, in layers, one on top of another. Cover with a layer of remaining leaves.
• Pour the stock in. Cook on a medium heat, covered for about 40-50 minutes until the cabbage is tender. Not every cabbage is the same, you'll have to check how soft it is as you go.
• When the cabbage rolls are nearly done, let's make the tomato sauce.
• Melt the butter in a saucepan. When melted, add in the flour. Whisk together and cook for a bit until it gains some colour.
• Pour in around a cup (250 ml) of the stock that got made from cooking the cabbage rolls. Bring to a boil, then reduce the heat.
• Pour in 2 cups of tomato passata/purée and add a tablespoon of tomato paste. Bring to a boil yet again, then reduce the heat to a minimum.
• Season with salt and ground pepper. If the tomatoes are too acidic, add a pinch of sugar to balance the flavours.
• Continue cooking until you reach a desired thickness.
• Serve cooked cabbage rolls, with tomato sauce on top or on the side.
• Garnish with some freshly chopped dill or parsley leaves.

GOLUMPKI - STUFFED POLISH CABBAGE (GOłąBKI)

Steps:

• Remove the stalk from the bottom of the cabbage head.
• Place the cabbage in a large pot filled with 12 cups of water. Cover and place over high heat.
• Bring to a boil and then reduce the heat to medium. Continue to cook until the cabbage leaves become bright green and pliable, about 3-5 minutes. The leaves should not be limp, they should hold their shape.
• Remove cabbage from water and place on a cutting board until it's cool enough to handle.
• In a large bowl combine ground beef, pork, onion, garlic, grated lemon peel, egg, and rice. Place in refrigerator until ready to use.
• In a medium pot over medium heat add oil. Once simmering, stir in grated onion and cook, stirring frequently, for 2 minutes. Then, add garlic and cook until fragrant, about 30-60 seconds. Pour in crushed tomatoes, water, salt, and pepper and increase heat to high. Once bubbling, reduce heat to low and simmer tomatoes for 15 minutes.
• Once the cabbage has cooled, remove the leaves from the cabbage head.
• Using a paring knife, cut the thick stem or membrane from the back of each leaf. Be careful not to cut through the leaf.
• Move oven racks to upper-middle and lower-middle positions. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F.
• You will need a 9x13-inch baking dish and a smaller, 2-quart baking dish for this recipe. Spread ¾ cup of sauce in the bottom of a 9x13-inch dish and ½ cup sauce in the bottom of the 2-quart baking dish.
• Place 2 tablespoons of filling on the bottom half of a cabbage leaf.
• Fold up the bottom part of the cabbage leaf.
• Then, fold in the sides.
• Next, roll forward until the cabbage leaf completely covers the filling. Repeat with remaining cabbage leaves and filling.
• Place the stuffed cabbage leaves into prepared pans in neat rows. Pour the remaining sauce evenly over the cabbage rolls.
• Bake for 50-60 minutes, rotating pans halfway through baking.
• Place pans on a wire rack and cool for 10 minutes. Sprinkle with chopped fresh dill (optional) and serve.

AUTHENTIC POLISH GOLUMPKI RECIPE - STUFFED CABBAGE ROLLS THAT TASTE LIKE POLAND!

Steps:

• Cook the rice in half the time stated on the packaging. It should be middle-hard (semi-cooked).
• Wash the cabbage and remove the outer leaves.
• Remove the core and put the cabbage inside the boiling hot salty water.
• Depending on the type of cabbage, boil for 1-10 minutes, until the leaves are softer and flexible enough to form gołąbki.
• Drain and cool down the cabbage. Leave the water from the cabbage, you will need it later.
• Separate the leaves- you will use each leave to form gołąbek.
• Peel and chop the onions. Fry them with minced meat and a bit of oil or butter. Keep in mind that frying meat is not necessary! You can add raw meat to the filling.
• Mix rice, onions, and meat together. Season with salt and pepper. If the filling is too dry, add melted butter or broth to make sure it's easy to wrap in the cabbage leaves.
• Place the raw, outer cabbage leaves on the bottom of the heat-resistant dish.
• Start forming gołąbki: take each leave, put the meat-rice filling inside, and wrap it carefully. See this video if you don't know how to do it.
• Place gołąbki in the heat-resistant dish. They should tightly cling to each other.
• Pour the cabbage water into the heat-resistant dish. They should cover 1/5-2/3 of the dish (not more than half of the dish!).
• Cover the dish with the lid.
• Place in the oven heated to 356°F (180°C). Cook for 1-1,5h (until they are soft). After 40 minutes check if there is enough water in the dish. If not, add some more to make sure gołąbki won't burn.
• TOMATO SAUCE- peel and dice the tomatoes and boil them with a bit of water. Fry the minced garlic and onion on oil. When they are soft, add to the tomatoes and blend until smooth. Season with salt and pepper.
• MUSHROOM SAUCE- peel and dice onions and mushrooms. Fry them on butter with minced garlic for 5-10 minutes. Add broth or water, cover the dish with a lid and simmer until soft (10-15 minutes). Mix the flour with sour cream, add 2 tbsps of mushroom sauce. Slowly pour the flour-cream mix to the sauce. Season with salt and pepper.

ROAST TURKEY WITH SAUSAGE-CABBAGE STUFFING

Steps:

• In a small bowl, mix the butter, thyme, salt and pepper. Place turkey on a rack in a shallow roasting pan, breast side up. With fingers, carefully loosen skin from the turkey breast; rub half of the butter mixture under the skin. Rub remaining butter mixture over turkey. Tuck wings under turkey; tie drumsticks together. , Bake at 325° for 3 to 3-3/4 hours or until a thermometer inserted in thickest part of thigh reads 170°-175°. Baste occasionally with pan drippings., For stuffing, in a Dutch oven, cook sausage over medium heat for 6-8 minutes or until no longer pink, breaking into crumbles. Remove with a slotted spoon; drain on paper towels. Discard drippings, reserving 1 tablespoon., Add the cabbage, carrot, celery and onion to reserved drippings; cook and stir over medium heat until tender. Stir in cream, poultry seasoning, salt and pepper., Add the stuffing cubes, egg and sausage; toss to combine. Stir in enough broth to reach desired moistness; transfer to a greased 11x7-in. baking dish. Bake, covered, for 30 minutes. Uncover and bake 10-15 minutes longer or until lightly browned., Remove turkey from oven; cover loosely with foil and let stand for 20 minutes before carving. Serve with stuffing.